About Gastrin

Gastrin: Gastrin is an important gut hormone, which is secreted by the G cells. G cell is a typical open-cell to a maximum of the gastric antrum, followed by gastric, duodenum and jejunum, etc.. Human islet D cells also secrete gastrin, 1978 Rehfeld prove human cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue in the presence of certain gastrin, gastrin almost the entire gastrointestinal tract, have a role, it can promote gastrointestinal tract secretion; promote the gastric antrum, body shrinkage, increasing the movement of the gastrointestinal tract, while promoting the pyloric sphincter relaxation, so the net effect is to promote gastric emptying; promote stomach and upper intestinal mucosal cell proliferation; promote insulin and descending calcium release. Gastrin also stimulates gastric acid secretion glandular mucosa and duodenal mucosal DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, thereby promoting its growth. Can be observed in clinical practice, patients with gastric resection, serum gastrin levels fall, mucosal atrophy can occur simultaneously; in patients with gastrinoma patients, serum gastrin level is high, and many accompanied by stomach mucosa hyperplasia, hypertrophy. In recent years, found that the buccal mucosa, tongue, esophagus, central nervous system also contains gastrin

1978 proved Rehfeld human cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue in the presence of certain gastrin, gastrin almost the entire gastrointestinal tract, have a role, it can promote the secretion of gastrointestinal function; promote the gastric antrum, body contraction, increased movement of the gastrointestinal tract, while promoting the pyloric sphincter relaxation, the overall combined effect is to slow gastric emptying; promote stomach and upper intestinal mucosal cell proliferation; promote the release of insulin and calcitonin.

Gastrin also stimulates gastric acid secretion glandular mucosa and duodenal mucosal DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, thereby promoting its growth. Can be observed in clinical practice, patients with gastric resection, serum gastrin levels fall, mucosal atrophy can occur simultaneously; in patients with gastrinoma patients, serum gastrin level is high, and many accompanied by stomach mucosa hyperplasia, hypertrophy. In recent years, found that the buccal mucosa, tongue, esophagus, central nervous system also contains gastrin.

The role of gastrin
1, to stimulate ECL cells secrete histamine, indirectly promote parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid;
2, to improve nutrition and gastric mucosal blood supply;
3, to promote the proliferation of gastric parietal cells, and;
4, to promote gastric motility, increased LES tension;
5, to enhance the pyloric sphincter contraction, delayed gastric emptying;



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About Leptin

Leptin is a protein encoded by the obese gene, mainly by white adipose tissue synthesis and secretion. Regulate the amount of body fat storage and maintenance of energy balance, can act directly on fat cells inhibit fat synthesis, promote decomposition and avoid obesity. Also on the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonadal axis hypoxia.
Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted protein hormones, mainly by white adipose tissue. A precursor by a 167 amino acid residues, N terminal 21 amino acid residues signal peptide, the signal peptide of the precursor is cut in the blood and become 146 amino acids, molecular weight of 16KD, form Leptin. Leptin has a wide range of biological effects, which are more important role in the metabolic regulation center in the hypothalamus, play suppress appetite, reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure, inhibiting fat synthesis.

Leptin receptor distribution function:
OB-Rb is the primary role of Leptin receptors. OB-Rb nuclei of the hypothalamus are highly expressed, and these nuclei have the function of regulating food intake and body weight, and in some peripheral tissues such as heart, lung, lymph nodes also expressed. Short receptors in peripheral organs in a variety of selectively expressed. OB-Ra in vivo expression of the most widely used, but from the context, the highest expression of vascular intima, for transport into the meninges Leptin plays a major role. Leptin OB-Ra may act as a binding protein that regulates the concentration of the free or as Leptin Leptin transporter proteins. But in recent years there are also studies suggesting that it may have messaging capabilities

Leptin and chronic hepatitis: Leptin in patients with chronic hepatitis behave abnormally, but the results reported are not consistent. Wang Lijun, viral hepatitis and other reports Leptin levels were significantly higher than the average level. Between the various types of hepatitis serum Leptin levels were not significantly different, but women Leptin levels significantly higher than men. Yu Hung, etc. After studies suggest that patients with CHB and LC, regardless of how the degree of abnormal liver function, serum levels were lower than normal, indicating a low serum Leptin Leptin levels may reflect CHB is a major reduction in total fat, its causes and liver infected damage, abnormal liver function significantly correlated. PIAO Yun-feng and other testing 17 cases of chronic liver disease patients, serum Leptin levels were significantly higher, but the hepatitis C group and the control group had no significant difference. Another study showed that serum Leptin levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C related liver steatosis.

Leptin and fatty liver disease: In patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver, serum Leptin levels were elevated, serum Leptin levels, serum C-peptide levels and age, the severity of hepatic steatosis are independent marker, but not liver inflammation or fibrosis herald logo. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease serum Leptin levels and hepatic steatosis, but not with fibrosis is an independent Lipotoxicity performance, Leptin resistance may be involved in the formation of hepatic steatosis.

Leptin and liver fibrosis: normal liver tissue is not expressed in normal circumstances Leptin, Ikejima etc. in with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver fibrosis model in Wistar rats, demonstrated in vivo activated hepatic stellate cells can express Leptin. Leptin and liver fibrosis shows a close relationship. Honda and other studies proved Leptin may be liver fibrosis-promoting factor.

Leptin and liver cirrhosis: studies suggest that the presence of high blood sugar in patients with cirrhosis and hyperinsulinemia and with the degree of liver injury. Serum Leptin levels in patients with cirrhosis with progressive deterioration of liver function and elevated levels of liver injury significantly affect serum Leptin levels. Jiaoxiu Juan and other studies suggest that malnutrition Leptin involved in cirrhosis, liver cirrhosis was significantly higher serum insulin levels and insulin sensitivity index was significantly lower than normal, indicating that there are significant in patients with cirrhosis hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. Zhaocai Yan other studies confirmed alcoholic fatty liver and liver fibrosis serum Leptin no correlation between indicators and TGFβ1, while alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis, Leptin and HA, LN, PC Ⅲ and TGFβ1 were positively correlated. Description alcoholic liver disease leading to liver fibrosis serum Leptin is one of the factors initiating.

In short, Leptin and its receptor wide distribution, suggesting that it has a multifunctional role in liver diseases including chronic hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic liver disease, Leptin is a promoting factor. Leptin and its receptors contribute to research the pathogenesis and treatment of liver disease research. However, most current research also confined animal experiments on the human body and the internal mechanism described is still a lack of detailed information, research and even in some respects diametrically opposite conclusions drawn, researchers still need to be more in-depth, specifically discussed.



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